Abstract
This study explores the legal validity and enforceability of bilingual agreements signed using digital signatures under Indonesian law. In response to the growing prevalence of cross-border transactions and digital contracts, the research aims to assess how the Civil Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, and the Notary Law accommodate these developments. Employing a juridical-normative (doctrinal) approach, supported by descriptiveanalytical methods and empirical data from semi-structured interviews with practicing notaries, the study finds that bilingual agreements signed with certified digital signatures are legally valid and binding when executed as private deeds and meet the requirements of Article 1320 of the Civil Code. However, current regulations prevent digitally executed deeds from attaining the status of authentic deeds (akta otentik), limiting their evidentiary strength. The lack of updates to the Notary Law, coupled with limited practitioner training and inconsistent bilingual drafting practices, undermines legal certainty. The study concludes that while Indonesian law partially accommodates digital and bilingual agreements, harmonisation between sectoral statutes—particularly the ITE Law and the Notary Law—is essential. Future reforms should address these regulatory gaps and enhance professional readiness to fully integrate bilingual digital agreements into Indonesia’s legal framework.
Keywords: Bilingual Agreement, Digital Signature, Electronic Transactions, Indonesian Contract Law, Notarial Law, Private Deed.