Abstract
Hollow bricks have gained increasing attention as sustainable masonry units due to their reduced material consumption, lower self-weight, and improved thermal efficiency compared to conventional solid bricks. However, their structural applicability and long-term performance are strongly governed by material composition, which influences strength development, durability, and environmental impact. This state-of-the-art review critically examines the influence of binder systems, aggregate characteristics, supplementary cementitious materials, and fiber reinforcement on the mechanical and durability performance of hollow bricks. A systematic literature review was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science databases, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published between 2005 and 2025. The review synthesizes findings on compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, along with key durability indicators such as water absorption, efflorescence, chemical resistance, and weathering behavior. Results from the literature indicate that the incorporation of industrial by-products such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, and silica fume significantly enhances long-term strength and durability through pore refinement and improved microstructural densification. Fiber reinforcement, particularly steel and polypropylene fibers, further improves crack control and post-cracking performance, extending the structural potential of hollow bricks. In addition, the review highlights the role of material optimization in reducing embodied carbon, supported by life cycle assessment studies and alignment with relevant Sustainable Development Goals. The paper concludes by identifying critical research gaps related to long-term durability, service-life-based sustainability assessment, and standardization, and proposes future research directions for developing high-performance, durable, and environmentally responsible hollow brick systems for modern construction.
Keywords: Durability Performance, Hollow Bricks, Life Cycle Assessment, Material Composition, Strength Development, Sustainable Masonry Materials.