Abstract
The present study examines the key factors that influence organic farming production in India. It uses panel data from the top ten organic-producing states during the period between 2012 and 2022. The analysis uses the Panel ARDL model. The long-run results show that organic area and rainfall have a positive effect on organic output. In contrast, bio fertilizer production and irrigation intensity have a negative impact. The negative impact of bio fertilizer production points to poor infrastructure and low farmer awareness. Likewise, the adverse effect of irrigation shows the dominance of conventional farming in irrigated regions. In addition, the error correction term is negative and statistically significant, which suggests that short-run adjustments are moving toward long-run equilibrium. At the state level, trends indicate that states with a larger organic farming area and adequate rainfall report higher organic output. On the other hand, states with high irrigation intensity or increased bio fertilizer production show lower yields. This reflects structural dependence on conventional methods and limited use of organic inputs. Overall, the findings emphasize the need to expand organic farming in rainfed areas, strengthen the supply of organic inputs, and reduce dependence on chemical farming. This study provides useful evidence to guide policies aimed at promoting sustainable organic agriculture in India.
Keywords: Organic Farming, Panel ARDL, Regional Disparities, Sustainable Farming