Abstract
This study investigates the effects of flipped classroom implementation on the efficacy of English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction, student engagement, academic performance, and motivation in Bangladeshi secondary schools. Despite the flipped pedagogies, empirical evidence is scarce in Global South contexts, especially in under-resourced ESL settings. Utilising a quantitative research design, data were gathered from 260 ESL instructors across public, private, and English-medium institutions in Dhaka through a stratified random sampling. Five validated instruments – the Flipped Classroom Implementation Scale, Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES), Student Engagement Inventory (SEI), Student Achievement Index, and Language Learning Motivation Questionnaire (LLMQ) – were employed. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression analyses indicated significant positive correlations between flipped classroom practices and all four outcome variables. Flipped instruction significantly predicted teaching effectiveness (R² = .371, p < .001) and moderately predicted student engagement (R² = .232), achievement (R² = .241), and motivation (R² = .284). The findings indicate that the flipped model improves ESL pedagogy by promoting learner autonomy, augmenting classroom interactivity, and enabling differentiated instruction. The study provides timely insights into how technology-driven, student-centred strategies can tackle enduring challenges in ESL education in lowresource environments. It enhances the expanding corpus of research on digital and inclusive pedagogies and emphasises the necessity for policy reforms that incorporate flipped learning in teacher training and curriculum development. Future research should employ longitudinal and mixed method approaches to capture student perspectives and assess the long-term effectiveness of flipped classroom strategies across various educational contexts.
Keywords: ESL Instruction Flipped Classroom, Secondary Education, Student Engagement, Teaching Effectiveness.