Abstract
The exploration and advancement of alternative fuels serve as catalysts for innovation in energy technologies, fostering economic growth and offering sustainable solutions for transportation and industry. The process of emulsifying low -grade diesel fuel enhances the atomization and mixing of the fuel with air, resulting in improved combustion efficiency, decreased emissions, and enhanced fuel efficiency. The introduction of nanoparticles into the emulsion results in an increase in the surface area of the fuel droplets, leading to enhanced atomization and improved combustion efficiency. The enhanced dispersion of particles in the air facilitates improved interaction, leading to decreased emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, contributing to the promotion of environmental sustainability. This study examines the performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder diesel engine when biodiesel derived from citrus limon seeds is combined with emulsified citrus limon seed biodiesel and nano-emulsified biodiesel. The nECLB had 2.57–4.2% braking thermal efficiency above the ECLB. Specific fuel consumption was 7.8% to 13.4% lower for the nECLB than the ECLB. The nECLB emitted 8.5% less HC and 21% less CO than the ECLB. When utilising base diesel, nECLB reduced nitrogen oxide and smoke emissions by 50%–65% and 0.5%–1.5%, respectively.
Keywords: Aluminium oxide, citrus limon seed biodiesel, emissions, emulsification, nano-emulsified biodiesel